Introduction
Thermography is a non-contact, non-destructive test method that utilizes a thermal imager to detect, display and record thermal patterns and temperatures across the surface of an object. Infrared thermography may be applied to any situation where knowledge of thermal profiles and temperatures will provide meaningful data about a system, object or process.
Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature.
Thermography is widely used in industry for predictive maintenance, condition assessment, quality assurance, and forensic investigations of electrical, mechanical and structural systems. Other applications include, but are not limited to: law enforcement, firefighting, search and rescue, and medical and veterinary sciences.
What makes Thermography useful?
1. It is non-contact
-Uses remote sensing
-Keeps the user out of danger
-Does not intrude upon or affect the target at all
2. It is two dimensional
-Comparison between areas of the target is possible
-The image allows for excellent overview of the target
-Thermal patterns can be visualized for analysis
3. It is real time
-Enables very fast scanning of stationary targets
-Enables capture of fast moving targets
-Enables capture of fast changing thermal patterns
Fact…Temperature is the number one form of measurement used in any process control application. As we get better at non-contact measurement and customers gain confidence, the technology will expand. Pressure and flow are also critical measurements as well, but temperature is far and away number one.
Introduction
The Remote Administration Trojans, also known as RATs are the most popular type of Trojans today. This type of Trojan allows the creator or who ever is using it to gain access to victims are there and perform many functions on their computer. These RATs are very easy to use, coming in a package of two files a server file and a client file. If you can get a chance to run the server file, resulting in obtaining his/her IP address, you will gain full control over their computer. These Trojans can also be bind into other programs which seem to be justifiable.
Remote Administration Trojans in a general sense open a port on your computer and themselves to it. What they are really doing is making the server file listen to incoming connections and data come through these ports. Once some one runs their clime program and enters the victims IP address, the Trojan starts receiving commands from the attacker and runs them on the victim's computer.
The most common non-viral malware which acts as a virus and infects information is said to be a Trojan horse. The Trojan horse bears the name of some standard program.
A Trojan horse could be either:
1. An unauthorized instruction contained with in a legitimate program. These instructions perform functions unknown to the user.
2. A legitimate program that has been altered by the placement of unauthorized instructions within it.
3. Any program that appears to perform a desirable and function but that (because of unauthorized instructions with in it) performs functions unknown to the user.
These all instructions are unwanted to the user.
Under a restricted environment, (a restricted UNIX shell or a restricted Windows computer) malicious Trojans can't do much, since they are restricted in their actions. But on an ordinary PC, Trojans can be lethal and quite destructive.
Most windows Trojans hide from the Alt+Ctrl+Del menu. (We haven't seen any program that had the ability to hide itself from the processes list yet, but you can know-one day some one might discover a way to do so.) This is bad because there are people who use the task list to see which process are running .There are programs that will tell us exactly what process are running on your computer.
Also some Trojans might simply open an FTP server on your computer (usually NOT PORT 21, the default FTP port, in order to be less noticeable). The FTP server is, of course passworded, or has a password which the attacker has determined, and allows the attacker to download, upload and execute files quickly and easily.
Introduction
DNA chips also known as micro arrays are very significant technological development in molecular biology and are perhaps most efficient tool available for functional genomics today. An evident from the name micro array essentially consists of an array of either Oligonucleotides or cDNA fixed on a substrate. There has been an explosion of information in the field of genomics in the last five years. Genomes of several organisms have been fully sequenced. The next step necessarily involves the analysis of comparative expression levels of various genes and to identify all the possible variations of sequence present in each of the gene or in the noncording regulatory regions obtained from a particular population. Handling such large volumes of data requires techniques which necessitate miniaturization and a massive scale parallelism. Hence the DNA chip comes in to the picture.
Researchers such as those at the University of Alaska Fairbanks' (UAF) Institute of Arctic Biology (IAB) and the Arctic Region Supercomputing Center (ARSC) seek to understand how organisms deal with the demands of their natural environment-as shown by the discovery of many remarkable adaptations that organisms have acquired living in the extremes of Alaska. Many of these adaptations have significant biomedical relevance in areas such as stroke, cardiovascular disease, and physiological stress. Somehow, our wild counterparts have adapted to severe environmental demands over long periods of time. Simultaneous to this research, scientists are also investigating the molecular changes that can be observed in humans as a result of their environment, such as through smoking or exposure to contaminants.
This push in research has resulted in the integration with life science research of approaches from many fields, including engineering, physics, mathematics, and computer science. One of the most well-known results of this is the Human Genome Project. Through this project, researchers * were able to design instruments capable of performing many different types of molecular measurements so that statistically significant and large scale sampling of these molecules could be achieved. Now, biomedical research is producing data that show researchers that things are not always where they expected them to be, while at the same time researchers are at a rapidly expanding phase of discovery and analysis of large, highly repeatable measurements of complex molecular systems.
One of the more important and generally applicable tools that has emerged from this type of research is called DNA micro arrays, or DNA chip technology This technology uses the fundamentals of Watson and Crick base-pairing along with hybridization to customize applications of DNA micro arrays to simultaneously interrogate a large number of genetic loci (those locations on the DNA molecules that have differing biological roles). The result of this type of analysis is that experiments that once tool ten years in thousands of laboratories can now be accomplished with a small number of experiments in just one laboratory.
